The Rolong, or Barolong, are a prominent Tswana ethnic group native to Botswana and South Africa. Their origins trace back to the 1100s when the Tswana people were migrating south from the Great Lakes region. The name "Rolong" derives from their first kgosi (chief), Morolong, who lived around 1270–1280. The name Morolong is believed to stem from the ancient word "rola," meaning metal forging and hammering, indicating the tribe's deep-rooted connection to metalworking.
Origins and Migration
The Barolong were among the first Tswana groups to cross the Zambezi and Kalahari Desert, settling in Kolong before eventually moving to the area between the Molopo and Vaal Rivers around 1400. The kingdom of Rolong, the third oldest and third most populous Tswana kingdom, played a key role in shaping the broader Tswana identity. As they moved south, the Barolong gave rise to several sub-tribes, including Batlhaping, Bakaa, and Bakgwatheng, who later influenced other southern African ethnic groups, such as the Basotho.
The Role of Metalworking
The Barolong were renowned for their advanced metalworking skills, which set them apart from many other African societies at the time. Blacksmiths played a crucial role in their society, crafting weapons, tools, and ornamental items. This expertise not only contributed to their economic and social development but also enhanced their military capabilities. By the 1700s, the Barolong and their breakaway tribe, the Batlhaping, were actively engaged in metal trade, exchanging iron tools and copper beads for cattle and other goods with neighboring groups such as the Khoekhoe, Korana, and Damara.
Prominent Leaders and Their Influence
One of the most famous rulers of the Barolong was King Tau, who reigned around 1660. A formidable warrior king, he consolidated the Barolong into a strong kingdom and adopted the kudu (tholo) as the tribe’s totem. His sons—Ratlou, Tshidi, Seleka, and Rapulana—became the founders of various Barolong clans that later spread across Botswana and South Africa. The Batlhaping, a breakaway group from the Barolong, established themselves along the Vaal River and continued the tradition of ironworking and trade, making significant contributions to the local economy.
The Batlhaping and Their Metalworking Heritage
The Batlhaping, whose name means "those with an affinity for fish," became independent of the Barolong monarchy during King Tau's reign. By the late 1700s, they had developed strong trade networks, exchanging metal goods with the Khoi and other groups. Initially, the Batlhaping obtained iron and copper items from the Barolong and other traders, but by 1812, they had mastered the art of ironworking themselves. This skill became integral to their identity and economic sustenance.
Present-Day Barolong and Batlhaping
Today, the Barolong and Batlhaping primarily reside in Botswana and the northern provinces of South Africa, including the North West, Gauteng, Free State, and Northern Cape. They continue to preserve their cultural heritage, with metalworking traditions reflected in their artisanal crafts and historical narratives. Modern Barolong leaders, such as Chief Jeff Montshioa, Chief Moroka, Chief Lotlaamoreng, and Chief Moshoette, play key roles in maintaining the tribe’s legacy.
Conclusion
The Barolong and their offshoot, the Batlhaping, have left an indelible mark on southern African history, particularly through their expertise in metalworking. Their ability to forge iron and copper goods not only strengthened their economy but also facilitated interactions with various neighboring communities. Today, their legacy continues to shape the cultural and historical identity of the Tswana people in Botswana and South Africa.